The Bataan Death March Essays - World War II, Philippines, Military

The Bataan Death March The Bataan Death March, which was begun on December 7, 1941, happened soon after the besieging of Pearl Habor. The Bataan Death March was noteworthy from multiple points of view. The Bataan Death March began when about 70,000 Americans and Filipinos were caught and made POW's (Prisoners Of War) by the Japanese. The detainees had to walk 55 miles, in transit there they were beaten with sticks, kicked, and seriously mishandled. Each time somebody would tumble down, he would be shot. Just 54,000 made it to camp. On December 7, 1941, Japan assaulted Pearl Habor. The Amereican Pacific Navel Fleet endured substantial misfortunes in lives and ships. On December 8, 1941, Japan propelled an elevated assault on the Philippines. Inexperianced troops neglected to stop the Japanese at Northern Luzon and Southern Mindanao Islands (the Japanese arrival focuses). The Filipino-American powers crucial to set out a hit. They were to slow down the Japanese progression by driving them to utilize their soldiers and assets in the catching of the Philippines, for whatever length of time that conceivable. This would purchase the required chance to reconstruct the American Pacific Fleet. The Filipino-American Defense of Bataan was dirupted by numerous variables, for example, a lack of food, ammo, medication, and orderly materials. The greater part of the ammo as old and consumed. Tanks, trucks, and different vehicles were in short suply, alongside fuel expected to control them. Ailment, ailing health, weakness, an d absence of fundamental supplies incurred significant damage. On March 11, 1942 General MacArthur was requested to Australia, General Wainwright had his spot in Corregidor, as authority of Philippine powers. General King assumed Wainwrights position as administrator of Filipino-American powers in Bataan. Later in March, General King and his staff decided the Filipino-American powers in Bataan could just battle 30 percent of their productivity because of ailing health, sickness, absence of ammo and fundamental supplies, and exhaustion. On April 9, 1942, General King gave up his powers on Bataan, after the Japanese got through the last primary line of opposition. The Filipino-American troopers were gathered in different parts in Bataan by the Japanese, yet for the most part amassed in Mariveles, the southern most tip of the Peninsula. American trucks were accessible to ship the detainees however the Japanese chose to walk the Defenders of Bataan to their goals. This walk was to be known as the Death March. The Death March was really a progression of walks, which had endured five to nine days. The separation a hostage needed to walk was dictated by where on the path the hostage had started the walk. The essential path of the Demise March a 55-mile walk from Mariveles, Bataan, to San Fernando, Pangpanga. At San Fernando, the detainees were put into train-vehicles, made for freight, and railed to Capas, Tarlac, a separation of around 24 miles. Handfuls kicked the bucket standing up in the railroad vehicles, as the vehicles were confined to such an extent that there was no space for the dead to fall. They were, at that point, walked another six m iles to their last goal, Camp O'Donnell. A few thousand men kicked the bucket on the Demise March. Numerous passed on, on the grounds that they were in no state of being to attempt such a walk. Once on the walk, they were not given any food or water. Japanese fighters slaughtered a considerable lot of them through different methods. Likewise, POWs were over and again beaten and rewarded coldheartedly, as they walked. Around, 1,600 Americans passed on in the initial forty days in Camp O'Donnell. Just about 20,000 Filipinos passed on in their initial four months of bondage in a similar camp. The more beneficial detainees alternated covering their confidants into mass graves, where soon enough, they would be covered, days or weeks after the fact. Camp O'Donnell didn't have the sanitation sub-structure or water gracefully important to hold such a lot of men. Numerous passed on from maladies they had since Bataan. Many came down with new ailments while at the Camp. There was little medic ation accessible to the detainees. Their lacking weight control plans likewise added to the high demise rate. Illnesses, for example, looseness of the bowels, from an absence of safe drinking water, and Beri-Beri, from lack of healthy sustenance were basic to the POWs. The Japanese officers kept on killing and miss-treat their prisoners. Because of the high demise rate in Camp O'Donnell,

Describe the kind of preception suggested in 'A Child's view of Essay

Depict the sort of preception proposed in 'A Child's perspective on shading' and 'Similitudes on Vision' and relate that to your percep - Essay Example In the exposition, â€Å"From Metaphors on Vision,† Stan Brakhage affirms the force and excellence of recognition that is liberated by rationale. Like Benjamin, Brakhage affirms that babies, who have not yet procured human rationale, have the most perfect observations since they have not scholarly the importance of dread. These thoughts of â€Å"perception† are applied on Lynne Ramsay’s 1999 film, Ratcatcher. Ratcatcher exhibits the various dreams of a decent life from the perspectives of the chief, youngsters, and the crowd as a result of their fluctuated, conceivably clashing, view of pictures that are brought about by contrasts in how these three gatherings see, comprehend, and express the film’s hues, sounds, sythesis, and successions. Prior to experiencing the cases of the article, a diagram of the film is fundamental to understanding its components. The setting of the film is Glasgow in 1973. During this time, Glasgow experiences poor lodging conditi ons that are compounded when the trash specialists protest. Due to the strike, trash amasses and dirties the environmental factors. The administration adjusts various needs, as it seeks after an improvement program that incorporates a lodging task and looks to determine the issue of the trash laborers taking to the streets. James Gillespie (William Eadie) is the fundamental hero of the film, where he and his family are standing by to be re-housed in one of the recently constructed condos of the administration (Ratcatcher). James’ companion is Ryan Quinn (Thomas McTaggart), who should visit his dad in prison. Rather than heading off to his dad, Ryan plays with James (Ratcatcher). Their unpleasant play has come about to Ryan’s suffocating in the channel. James feels remorseful in light of the fact that he has not frightened the neighbors of what occurred, and rather, he flees. James has different companions, Margaret Anne (Leanne Mullen) and Kenny (John Miller), who all have their own issues. The harsh young men in the local ridicule Kenny and Margaret Anne, while likewise explicitly manhandling the last mentioned. The military shows up to clean the waste in the zone, yet some way or another, James feels that lone the outside part of their social problem is purged. He bounces into the channel and ends it all, while the film closes with the vision of his family migrating to their new house. To start the investigation of â€Å"perception,† Ratcatcher delineates the view of the chief of a decent life that can be portrayed as restricted and delimiting. The contrast among constrained and delimiting is that restricted relates to the movie for what it's worth, a restricted perspective on life, while delimiting relates to the goals and inclinations of the chief that influence what can be incorporated and excluded from the components of the film. The chief controls the camera, which, as a device of discernment, can just incorporate a similarity to th e real world. In the transport scene, where James flees and rides a transport, he sees hills of garbage from the transport windows (Ratcatcher). The transport windows are like the camera. It can just catch what is before it without completely covering everything and without totally passing on what the nearness and nonappearance of pictures mean. The scene uncovered the confinements of the camera as an eye for the executive, and in association, to the watchers. Brakhage states that the camera can unfortunately catch a limited amount of a lot, as it superimposes pictures on each other and endeavors to cover shifted movements and feelings (122). He contends that the camera eye is a restricted look into the world.

CS Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CS - Coursework Example Part 1 of Neubauer and Fradella’s book inspects the contention in courts and wrongdoing that is realized by change. The discussion in courts and wrongdoing is likewise atrributable to the broad regard for law by the media. This broad media consideration on courts and wrongdoing has its benefits and deficiencies. Neubauer and Fradella contend that, media inclusion of fictitous and genuine preliminaries offers a proposals that the oucome of choices in courts is affected by people’s activities, law for what it's worth by the books-, and law in discussion (5). This plainly shows how powerful courts and the criminal equity framework is dynamic. This book offers a significant contention that, the U.S criminal equity framework is intensely subject to the courts, which, seemingly assume a critical job. Court choices, activities, and procedure influence or have significant results on different parts the police and rectifications work force of the criminal equity framework (8). Moreover, the activities and tasks of the remedies office and law authorization have significant results on the legal execut ive. Regardless of this undeniable relationship of these compononents of the criminal equity framework, Neubauer and Fradella, surrender and contend that, contentions and strains exist. Perusing Chapter 1 of America’s Courts and the Criminal Justice System, gives one a feeling of how or what it resembles to be an on-screen character of the court-an investigator, hearer, judge or a guard lawyer. This makes it simple for a layman to comprehend the procedure and job in brininging a case throught the court framework. The methodology by the creators of attempting to delineate fictious or dramatical court procedures, just as genuine court procedures makes it simple for peopele to comprehend the criminal equity framework from a typical or well known viewpoint. Venturing into Chapter 2 of America’s Courts and the Criminal Justice System book enables the perusers to comprehend the key components that characterize

Man-made Climate Change Essay

Did People Cause Global Climate Change? The debate on global warming and global climate change has been going on for several decades. One group is of the opinion that man in the name of technological progress has actually caused damage to the environment and was the reason of the global climate change. The other group believes that global change is a phenomenon that has been in progress for thousands of years and that it is nothing new to worry about. There have been heated arguments and discussions on both camps, but neither is willing to back down or come to a resolution. Even the various theories proposed by scientists on what might happen in the future based on past data seem to be contradictory. Some theorize that global warming might lead to melting snow caps, which will result in sea levels rise in all the oceans. Others theorize that global warming can trigger another ice age. Still, people say that these things are part of a repetitive cycle and that past data shows rises and drops in global temperature over thousands of years. There are others who even go to the extent of saying that global warming is nothing but a scam. They say that global warming proponents can earn a lot of money through several methods by playing on people’s fears. In their opinion, it is a carefully orchestrated plan to mint money from nothing but a myth. So, there are a lot of conflicting ideas on the question of

Essay about Monsters - 1570 Words

In mythology, monsters provide a challenge that humans must overcome. Heroes try to gain fame by defeating them and townspeople are afraid of them. Monsters spread fear for men to conquer. They give the opportunity for heroes to prove themselves. According to Mr. Thomas Bullfinch, â€Å"monsters are unnatural in proportions and parts and are employed for the injury and annoyance of men (Bullfinch 1).† Monsters do have strange parts and a common purpose. In Greek mythology, monsters have striking similarities. They fall into distinct categories based on form and duty. Monsters may be part snake, lion, or human. Some have multiple heads. Most monsters’ duties include guarding something for another being. Other monsters have no responsibilities†¦show more content†¦A prime example is the Nemean lion, which Heracles defeated as his first labor. It was fierce and could not be hurt by bronze or stone. It shows its power with violence and physical superiority. The Gri ffin is another ferocious monster that has the body of a lion but the head and wings of an eagle. It is mostly known to guard treasure. It is a mix of the lion, the king of beast, and the eagle, king of birds, so it was extremely dominant. Finally, the Sphinx was a lion with a human head. It guarded the gates to the Greek city of Thebes. When a visitor wanted into the city, the Sphinx would ask them to solve his riddle. Thus, the Sphinx never used violence to guard the entrance. People wishing to enter the city knew of his power and physical capabilities. So even though the Sphinx never used violence, people knew of its strength and power anyway because he was partially lion. All in all, monsters with lion characteristics are very powerful and feared. Several monsters such as the Minotaur, Medusa, and centaurs appear to be partially human. These monsters have human characteristics because the gods decided to create them that way. The Minotaur has the head of a bull with the body of a man. He was born as the offspring of Minos’ wife and a beautiful white bull sent by Poseidon (Hamilton 157). Poseidon forced Minos’ wife to love the bull. Their offspring was theShow MoreRelated The Monsters Essay710 Words   |  3 Pages INVISIBLE MONSTERS nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;To sacrifice oneself and save others is what weve known as human love, and we have also learned that we should respect those who could perform that in any situation, but in reality, the numbers of those people who dont care about what others do seems much greater than the number of those who do. In Stephen Cranes story, quot;The Monstersquot;, Henry Johnson who sacrifices himself into the fire in order to save a little boy gets treated likeRead MoreDescriptive Essay : The Monster 1281 Words   |  6 PagesThe monster giggles while I silently cry. It has curly short brown hair and blue eyes. Its nose is oval with giant, hairy NOSTRILS! 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All I could think to say was, â€Å"So, um, you and my dad know each other?† Simon’s gaze flitted to theRead MorePhysical And Psychological Aspects Of A Monster1314 Words   |  6 PagesMy understanding of a monster when I began this semester was that a monster is an evil being who can have physical and psychological aspects that add to the evil. The most basic form of monster is physically unattractive and has general physical deformities. These deformities included fanged teeth, large claws, and super strength. Psychologically monsters behave recklessly because they do not abide by the social limitations that everyone else does. Monsters excel in disguising themselves from societyRead MoreMonster Culture By Jeffery Cohen1202 Words   |  5 PagesIn â€Å"Monster Culture†, Jeffery Cohen develops an idea that â€Å"monsters† are essential to society. In fact, they construct what is â€Å"normal†, â€Å"rational†, and â€Å"civilized†. Specifically, â€Å"monsters† are foundational to how we view ourselves. â€Å"Monsters† contain all the traits deemed unacceptable and odd. It can be concluded that every outlier is a â€Å"monster†. In St. Lucy’s Home for Girls Raised by Wolves, Karen Russell tells the story of a pack of wolf girls who are transitioning into young ladies. RussellRead MoreThe Article Monsters And The Moral Imagination 1041 Words   |  5 PagesIn the article â€Å"Monsters and the Moral Imagination,† Stephen Asma, a professor of Philosophy and Distinguished Scholar at Columbia College Chicago, argues that the existence of monsters have a purpose in our lives. It is not only to reveal our deepest fears, but to question our moral instincts. Being attacked by fictional monsters seems impractical, however, chaos and disasters do happen and exist in the real world. The creation of monsters is due to our reaction of our fears and the inability toRead MoreMonsters and The Moral Imagination by Stephen Asma1091 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout histo ry we see monsters taking many different shapes and sizes. Whether it be a ghoul in the midst of a cold nightly stroll or a mass genocide, monsters are lurking everywhere and our perception of what monsters truly are, is enhancing their growth as a force with which to be reckoned. Fear of the unknown is seen throughout time, but as humans progress we are finding that things we once were afraid of we are less frightening than they once were. Monsters can evoke fear in their targetedRead MoreThe Creation Of The Monster1850 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout his creation of the monster, he proves to be even more ignorant, because it is apparent that he knows how much he is suffering by pursuing the creation. Victor admits this by saying, â€Å"I seemed to have lost all soul or sensation but for this one pursuit†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Shelley, 40) Here Victor is accepting that everything around him has merely vanished while he’s trying to pursue this one creation. He becomes too involved in his work, and it soon takes over his entire life. When he says that he hasRead MoreThe Understanding of the Monster Essay1143 Words   |  5 Pagesof a Monster When analyzed online many of the definitions you will find for the word monster include: a strange or horrible imaginary creature, one who deviates from normal or acceptable behavior, or an animal of strange and/or terrifying shape. (Merriam Webster) When observing the â€Å"Monster Theory† by Jeffrey Cohen and the 7 theses that he provides in this text, one can begin to somewhat disagree with these formal definitions and attempt to say that it has an even greater meaning. Monsters mightRead MoreMonster of the Sea589 Words   |  2 PagesMonsters of the Sea When thinking of sea monsters the mind probably thinks of these mystical beast that ruled the sea when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth, but there are sea monsters even now and they are not mythical beasts. Mythical beast may exist but there is no real evidence to prove their existence. Humans know less about their own planet’s deep seas, and beast that roam them than they know about surrounding aliens planets. One creature that lives in the deep seas is the Giant Squid

Essay On Bitcoins - 813 Words

Guide For Bitcoin Gambling Websites Bitcoins are increasing in popularity as a banking option with US gamblers and gambling websites. In some cases, Bitcoins is actually the best banking option on the market for US players. Gamblers from other countries should also seriously consider using Bitcoins for their gambling purposes. If you are a newbie to bitcoins, this guide is for you. Bitcoins operate slightly differently from other currencies and those differences will be explained on this page. Even if you are familiar with how bitcoins work, you will also find some useful info here. If you are currently using Bitcoins, we will examine the best sites to use them at and we will also look at the advantages and disadvantages of using this†¦show more content†¦Every 10 minutes a block of Bitcoins are created. Initially, one block contained 25 Bitcoins, but since last year that has been reduced by 50%, with each block now containing 12.5 Bitcoins. Bitcoin blocks will be periodically cut in half on a continual basis until 21 million Bitcoins are mined, which is expected to happen by 2040. Bitcoins value, similar to other currencies, is determined by supply and demand. One Bitcoin is valued at $824 as of the writing of this guide, but in the past, they have reached values over $1,000. When they first came out in 2009, for only $27, you could purchase 5,000 Bitcoins. If you are using Bitcoins as an investment vehicle, it should be noted that they are volatile. You should only use a small portion of your discretionary investment money to invest in Bitcoins at this time. When we say volatile, what do we mean? The value of Bitcoins can fluctuate drastically and often without reason. How volatile can they be? The price of a Bitcoin plummeted 50% overnight in 2009. Keep in mind that the value of Bitcoins can fluctuate when making deposits or withdrawals at gambling websites. In some cases, that could give you extra funds for gambling. When you decide to convert Bitcoins into a different currency might also be a gamble on its own. Best Places To Buy and Sell Bitcoins Similar to other investments, exchanges are used to buy and sell Bitcoins. (Exchanges are marketplaces set up forShow MoreRelatedBitcoin Essay999 Words   |  4 PagesBitcoin, A Bubble or Good Investment? Cryptocurrency is a digital asset that serves as a medium of exchange with no central authority and was created to prevent the issue of double spending. This problem is solved with the use of blockchains where miners confirm transactions on a public ledger. As of today, there are over 1,000 different types of cryptocurrencies, and at least 600 of these have listed market caps of over $100,000. Bitcoin, Ethereum and Litecoin are top cryptocurrencies tradingRead MoreEssay On Bitcoins956 Words   |  4 Pagescurrencies looks bright as it can be seen by the increasing popularity and acceptance. 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The entryRead MoreBitcoin Essay816 Words   |  4 PagesLooking for a Bitcoin Buying Guide? Wondering where to start? People have a lot of misconceptions about bitcoin - the very first widely known and accepted cryptocurrency worldwide. A lot of people think for example that only hackers and shady people use it. However bitcoin is actually going mainstream with everyone from TigerDirect to Expedia.com to Dell and even Subway accepting payments in bitcoin now. Why so popular? Well, bitcoin has a lot of benefits over other currencies. For example, youRead MoreBitcoin Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesIn the past few weeks the cryptocurrency BitCoin is on the rise. Many people are now investing in Bitcoin because of this rise. It can be hard to get the coins but once you do you will not regret it. The coin has reached 16 thousand dollars and that is just for one coin â€Å"sounds interesting† says Howard Spencer. You can get these coins by mining them, gathering 100,000,000 satoshi or buy them off of people. When you’re just starting bitcoin, it can be overwhelming when you check try to buy them orRead MoreEssay On Bitcoin Safe And Secure750 Words   |  3 PagesHow to Keep Your Bitcoin Safe and Secure Month after month we hear tales of woe about how someone has been robbed of hundreds of Bitcoins. For that very reason, security issues have become a major issue in the world of cryptocurrency, with it becoming more important than ever for Bitcoin holders to protect their investment. Ensuring that you aren’t caught short and left at the mercy of hackers, we have put together the following guide. So, grab a pen and get ready to take notes, as the followingRead MoreDigital Currencies: Bitcoin Essays2293 Words   |  10 PagesBitcoin Bitcoin is a digital currency that was started in 2009. It is a digital representation of currency with no actual tangible representation. Bitcoin, commonly abbreviated as BTC or XBT, is distributed worldwide, decentralized digital money (also called cryptocurrency). It is decentralized, meaning it is not controlled nor backed up by any government, country, or individual entity. Unlike traditional currencies, such as dollars and euros, bitcoins are issued and managed without any regulationRead MoreDigital Currency: What is Bitcoin? Essay1226 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Throughout this Bitcoin: A History; what is bitcoin? To start off primarily, Bitcoin is a digital currency as opposed to physical currency that we’re accustomed to and use in our daily life. Straight off their site, Bitcoin is described as a pseudo-anonymous, P2P technology operating with no central authority or banks, it’s open-source, public, owned by no one and open for everybody to take part; but what does that all mean? â€Å"Bitcoin is the leader in a new generation of emergingRead MoreExplaining the Bit in Bitcoin Essay example2069 Words   |  9 PagesExplaining the Bit in Bitcoin On your way to work, you stop by the gas station to fill your car with gas. When it comes time to pay, instead of pulling out your credit or debit card, you enter your Bitcoin information. What is Bitcoin? Is it just another online payment method like PayPal, or is Bitcoin something more? Googling â€Å"Bitcoin† returns a vague answer that defines Bitcoin as a peer-to-peer crypto-currency. This â€Å"answer† only raises more questions. 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Analysis of Legal and Professional Issues

Question: Discuss about the Analysis of Legal and Professional Issues. Answer: Introduction As is the case with any other healthcare professional, the nurses engaged in this profession have to practice as per the statues given by the state and the federal statutes, which are full of complexities. But, the adherence to such statutes is crucial in order to make the ethical decision and to fulfill their responsibilities. And due to the growing advancements in the medical practices and technologies on daily basis, the healthcare professionals are often required to face the challenges of making the ethical decisions, which has not been provided by the given statutes for such new procedures or practices (Nursing Career Tips, 2017). Due to this, the nurses are required to take all the precautions in making any decision, so as to reduce their chances of legal liability. In addition to this, the ethical implications of such decision is also to be considered and it has to be ensured that their acts do not result in a harm to the patients and are in the best interests of such patients. Even though from a distance, it might seem that such decisions are pretty straightforward, but in most of the cases, it is exactly the opposite and at times, the legal decision may not be an ethical one, and vice versa (Nursing Career Tips, 2017). In Singapore, the statutes like the Mental Capacity Act, 2000, along with the common law principles of obligation, beneficence, autonomy and equity provide the guidance for the nurses in their decision making process, regarding the patients (Loke Thirumoorthy, 2015). Relevant Facts In the given case, B is a 56 year old patient, who is on heavy dosage due to his terminal illness. The extra dose which is given to him, to relive him from pain, is disliked by B. For this reason, he wants his doctor to stop the dose, as he believes it to be pointless. Legal and Ethical Issues The key issue in this case faced by the nurses is to decide if such treatment should be continued and be provided to the patient, against his will, or should it be stopped. To resolve this issue, the concepts of obligation, beneficence, and autonomy, given by the nursing boards in Singapore and Australia have to be used. Rules Obligation The principle of obligation states that it is the duty of the nurses to make certain that the patient is given the best quality treatment. And to take the best interest action, the nurses have to make sure that the patient receives whatever treatment is essential for such patient (Humphreys, 2011). So, if the doctor believes that the extra dose of medication is necessary for the patient, to relive him of the pain and the removal of such dose would result in distress to B, then as per the principle of obligation, the medicine should be continued. Beneficence The principle of beneficence puts a duty over the healthcare practitioners to form good relations with their patients (Elliot, Ho Lim, 2010). The rationale behind this principle is to enable the patient in developing a sense of trust towards such healthcare practitioner, so that the patient can bestow the necessary faith over the practitioner (Ho, 2016). But, if we apply the beneficence principle in case of B, than the principle of obligation, to act towards the patients best interest would be compromised. Autonomy The principle of autonomy addressed the concept of independence. As per the concept of independence, the patient has to be given the independence of making his decisions (Kaan Liu, 2006). So, applying the autonomy principle in case of B, he has to be given the independence to make the decisions he wishes. The ethical code of practices for the nurses dictates that the patient has to be presented with the requisite details, which could help the patient in determining their condition and making the decision to address the issue. Though, if this principle is applied in case of B, he would be left prone to distress due to extreme pain. Relevance of Issue The conflict issues which the nurses have to come across, while discharging their duties, is amongst the major issues arising in the professional healthcare and medical practices. The nurses often reach at an impasse where the decision regarding which approach is the correct one, to address the particular issue, becomes a dilemmatic decision. For the case of B, the decision of doctor, regarding the continuation of the dosage, cannot be critiqued as correct or incorrect, due to the reasons provided for the same. Though, the reasoning behind this decision can be and has to be analyzed. B has all the requisite knowledge about his terminal illness, and is also aware of the fact that the dosage provides him only a temporary relief. Reasonable Approach Had the illness of B not been terminal, the rationale behind the decision of the doctor, would have been taken to be quite strong. But, the condition of B has to be given importance, along with his wishes. Even though the nurses can support him in understanding the implications of his decisions, but the final decision has to be made as per the wishes of B. Legal and Ethical Issues Due to the grave mistake of RN Z, in administering the correct syringe, the patient C got a cardiac arrest. In this situation, the key issue relates to the concept of negligence. Negligence occurs when a person owes a duty of care towards another person and fails to discharge the duty of care, which results in a harm or loss to the other person Trindade, Cane Lunney, 2007). To establish negligence, the elements of negligence have to be established (Kennedy, 2009). These include the duty of care, the breach of this duty of care, the resulting harm or loss to the other party, the loss being significant and the direct causation (Gibson Fraser, 2014). In this case, RN Z owed a duty of care towards C, and this duty was breached when the syringes were exchanged, the cardiac arrest was the loss of significant nature, and as the nurse was responsible to ensure the correctness of the syringes, the causation is established. So, by interchanging the necessary medicine negligently, which resul ted in grave consequences for C, the tort of negligence occurred (Latimer, 2012). A noteworthy point here is that RN Z was unaccompanied to the cubicle by ED, which could have ensured the appropriate administration. The nursing malpractice, as well as, nursing negligence takes place when an injury, harm or loss is sustained by the patients as a result of the failure of the nurses in compliance of their duty (Grant Ballard, 2013). In other words, the negligence in nursing takes place when the duty of care, which was owed by them, towards their patients, is breached and such a breach results in harm to their patients (Amused, 2016). In both Singapore and Australia, the nursing negligence is considered as being more than a mere error or a mistake. The Nursing Board of Singapore has presented a Code of Conduct, to be followed by the nurses to ensure that the patients are provided with quality care (Singapore Nursing Board, 2017). The Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia also provides the Professional Conduct Standards to be followed by the nurses (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2017). Relevance of Issue It is crucial for the nurses to fulfill their duty of care towards the patients (Young, 2009). Even the smallest of errors or mistakes could result in grave situations as has been seen in the case of C. The nurses have to be accountable for their actions and have to ensure that the care which they provide to the patients is of the best quality (Hughes, 2008). It is the obligation of the nurses to make sure that they seek the necessary advice from the supervisor or the charge nurse, before providing the care to the patient. So, it was the duty of RN Z to follow the action plan and the guide which was provided to her by her superiors, without making any mistakes. Often the nurses go forward with the discharge of their duties, and fail to wait for the necessary supervision, which increases the risk of cases under negligence. So, it has to be ensured by the nurses that until and unless they receive the requisite guidance from their supervisors, they should refrain from taking any actions (Urden, Stacy Lough, 2014). Moreover, the guidelines given by NBV, regarding the delegation and supervision, the nurses are required to delay the treatment until their supervisor can guide them. Moreover, for the actions and decisions made during the course of work by nurses and the midwives, they have to be held accountable for the same as per these guidelines. And such actions are inclusive of the nurses personal efficiency for providing the care. The accountability given under the code is both legal and ethical (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2008). Reasonable Approach In the given case, RN Z should have delayed the treatment till the time the requisite supervision was available in the ED. In case when such a delay was not possible, RN Z should have taken extra care in ensuring that no mistake took place due to the seriousness of the situation. Since, the negligent actions of RN Z proved fatal for C, who was the sole earner in the family, she would have to compensate the family of C, for their loss. Professional Issue The major issue relates to the reporting of professional malpractices in the system (Dove et al. 2010). In the given case, there is ample amount of evidence against M, which shows that she indulged in professional malpractices which have major negated impact over the quality of care she provided. But, if the evidence present against M is presented, she would lose her job, which would result in failure of her looking after her children. As per the Australian Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses Conduct Statement 2, the nurses have to base their practice on the professional standards, in addition to the broad health system (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2008). This code determines that the nurses have the duty of protecting the interest of their colleagues, their partners and their family members as per the broad standards of Safety, Quality and Accountability in Healthcare (Gastmans, 2013). Information management, documentation, open disclosure procedures, and incident reporting are some of things involved in such practices (Huber, 2013). The most significant responsibility of a nurse is to provide safe and competent nursing care (Boyd, 2008). A situation which can result in negated impact over the professional standards or a situation where a questionable, unlawful or unethical practice is required to be reported to the authority or the concerned person. In case the issue remains unresolved, it becomes the duty of the nurses to intervene and protect the rights of patients by ensuring that quality care is provided. And the external authorities can be notified in case the internal process fails in solving the situation. Australian Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses Conduct Statement 4 provides similar provisions (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2008). Relevance of Issue In this case, M used to steal the controlled medicine which was crucial for the patients. Such practices have a negative impact over the quality of care and the health of the patients. Moreover, patients lose the trust and faith in the nursing practices. There is a clash between the personal duties, and the professional and ethical obligations, which presents an ethical dilemma. Reasonable Approach The professional ethics have to be given the priority over the personal obligations in such situations. So, irrespective of the impact which would be on the personal life of M, the matter has to be reported. This becomes importance due to her denial regarding the involvement in this matter. As she was given a warning regarding this issue, beyond which the problem persisted, it became sufficient and mandatory to report the issue. Additionally, the compliance too the professional standards is also needed, so M has to be reported. Ethical and Professional Issues The key issue of this scenario relates to the decision of the medical practitioners against the patients will (Tong Robert, 2007). In case a patient is unwilling in getting the medical treatment, it becomes the duty of the medical practitioner to make certain that the best efforts are made to make the patient aware about the impact of his decision, by explaining about the disease, the treatment and its necessity (Parahoo, 2014). For the individuals in Singapore, guidelines are provided through the Mental Capacity Act, 2008, for such persons who are in the position of making a decision for others, who suffer from medical incapacity, which could be either permanent or temporary. As per this act, the decision made for the other person has to be in the best interest of such other person and prior to making such a decision, the best efforts have to be made for making the individual understand the situation and for taking the decision themselves (Singapore Statutes Online, 2017). Relevance of Issue Medical practitioners often face a dilemma in making the decision regarding which one is reasonable, as they are bound by the principles of obligation, beneficence, and autonomy (Lillemoen Pedersen, 2013). As occurred in case of B, no decision could be said to be the best one, due to the variance in view point of the medical practitioners and the patient. The practitioner has to act in the best interest and at the same time has to ensure that additional costs and time are not incurred (Shirvington, 2017). And due to the increasing cases of legal actions being brought in this regarding, finding a balance between the two becomes more difficult. This is coupled by the burden of proof over the practitioners to prove the reasons for going against the will of the patients. Reasonable Approach Since D is refusing to take the needful treatment for his heart condition, the doctors have to take the necessary steps needed to ensure that D is aware of the significance of this treatment and the resulting impact of not undertaking such a treatment. The family member or carer can also assist in this, so the son of D needs to help the doctors in making D understand the significance of the treatment. As this treatment would relive D from his disease permanently, which was not the case for B the doctors should go ahead with the treatment, in the best interest of D. Conclusion The preceding parts highlighted the various issues which can arise in the medical professional before the healthcare professionals. Such issues can occur due to the personal relationship amongst the nurses or the relationship of the nurses with their patients. The key decision relates to taking the decision for the patient, by the medical practitioners in cases where the patient is unable to make the requisite decision. The medical practitioners have to maintain a balance between the quoted principles and there is also a need to adhere to the statutes and the codes given in this regard, to ensure that the image of the practitioners is not ruined. The nurses have to be held accountable for their actions, and in cases of negligence, they have to be held responsible. 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